Científicos reconstruyen la plaga de Justiniano a través del ADN de las víctimas
Durante el Imperio bizantino tuvo lugar una gran epidemia de peste que se bautizó como plaga de Justiniano y que pudo haber contribuido a acelerar su colapso. Esta plaga se extendió por todo el Mediterráneo y sus diferentes brotes se repitieron durante más de dos siglos desde el año 541. Por su alta mortalidad, creó un pánico masivo en las ciudades y países donde aparecía.
El estudio de las bacterias que provocaron la peste ayuda a conocer su papel en la historia de la humanidad, que convive con ella desde hace más de 5.000 años.
Informaciones moleculares recientes de las víctimas indican que esta pandemia pudo surgir de la bacteria Yersinia pestis que fue responsable de la peste negra o bubónica que devastó Europa en el siglo XIV, sin embargo, el alcance geográfico, la mortalidad y el impacto de la pandemia de Justiniano no se conocían completamente.
Científicos de varios centros de investigación alemanes han seguido la pista de dichas bacterias a través de esqueletos del siglo VI hallados en Altenerding, un antiguo lugar de enterramiento al sur de Alemania, cerca de Múnich. El genoma de Altenerding se remonta al comienzo de la plaga.
"Nuestra investigación confirma que la plaga de Justiniano llegó mucho más allá de la región documentada históricamente y proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre la historia evolutiva de la Yersinia pestis”, explica Michal Feldman, investigador del instituto Max Planck y coautor del trabajo que publica la revista Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Una cepa más diversa de lo que se pensaba
El equipo de investigación ha generado el primer genoma de alta calidad del agente bacteriano responsable de la plaga. Además de revelar nuevos conocimientos de la evolución molecular de Yersinia pestis desde los tiempos bizantinos, la nueva secuencia muestra treinta nuevas mutaciones típicas de esta plaga, así como otras 19 mutaciones que se consideran como falsos positivos.
El estudio también revela que la cepa era genéticamente más diversa de lo que se pensaba anteriormente. Cómo y por qué el patógeno llegó a Alemania sigue siendo un misterio."El hecho de que hubiera esqueletos excavados hace más de 50 años pone de relieve la importancia de mantener las colecciones antropológicas", añade Michaela Harbeck, de la Universidad de Tubinga (Alemania).
Fuente: SINC | 31 de agosto de 2016
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